Collective Decisions Theory - 1915 Words

Collective decisions theory Some researchers have argued that decisions made in a group are better than decisions made individually. Durkheim affirmed this issue for first time, and he affirmed the collective cannot be reduced to individual and collective consciousness is focused on knowledge normative, which is common to members of a society and therefore, constitutes a social fact (Mora, 2002). Various models that focus on different stages of decision making (e.g. problem identification, solution development, evaluation, decision making) also, has determined that the union of the efforts of each group member can achieve a common goal (Salanova, Prieto Peiro, 1996). According to Forsyth (1999), the stages of group decision-making are:†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The techniques should not be allowed to narrow down the conflict, it is necessary the discussion of team members, to find better solutions and alternatives. †¢ It should promote the participation of each member of the group, and to find that each of them have the possibility to defend their point of view. It is necessary to avoid making decisions too quickly, without that has been discussed previously each point of view. †¢ Avoid stereotyping and not to impose the solutions coming from some external authority, it is necessary to promote an environment where each group member is heard and that their possible solutions are integrated with those of other members, to implement the most effective solution. Group decision pitfalls and risk Most experts on group communication agree that misunderstanding seem to be the rule in groups. On the sender side, many group members lack the skills needed to express themselves clearly. As Spitsberg and Cupach suggest on 2002, â€Å"No do all group members have the interpersonal skills that a discussion demands â€Å"(Spitsberg and Cupach 2002 cit. in Forsyth., D, 1999). In the same way, Di salvo, Nikkel and Monroe on 1983 reported the main of those problems in categories in order of frequency as: - Communication skills: poor listening skills, ineffective voice, poor non verbal communication, repetitive, etc. - Egocentric behavior: dominate conversation andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Team Work1483 Words   |  6 Pagesupcoming Superbowl Series .This was the ice breaker we all needed to kick-start our activity. The one thing that figured in all our minds was ambiguity as regards the game its rules and objectives and roles and responsibilities (individual and collective). Looking beyond the game, this ambiguity prevails at both levels for short, medium and long term goals. During December 2011, as a hotelier by profession, I was faced with the challenge of a new legislation based on a 300% increase in PropertyRead MoreDefinition Of Employee s Voice Lies Through The Exit Voice Loyalty Framework Created By Hirschman1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe foundation of most contemporary theories which define the concept of employee’s voice lies in the exit-voice-loyalty framework created by Hirschman in his article Exit, voice, and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations, and state (1970). The model illustrated two reactions of unsatisfied individual inside an organization toward disagreement they have with the organization. It suggests that whereas ones would withdraw their participation in the task and exit organization, othersRead MoreA Reflection On Policy, And Market Interactions With Democracy1028 Words   |  5 Pages A Reflection on Policy Stakeholders, Measurement of Policy Efficacy, and Market Interactions with Democracy Chris Surfus Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6650 Public Policy: Theory and Research Professor Dr. Udaya Waglà ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ February 3, 2015 A Reflection on Policy Stakeholders, Measurement of Policy Efficacy, and Market Interactions with Democracy The authors define the roles and relationships of policy stakeholders, provideRead MoreThe Theory Of Foreign Policy Changes1411 Words   |  6 Pages In Painful Choices, David Welch is entirely focused on developing a theory of when and why foreign policy changes. Welch is also interested in a way to forecast these changes. His assembled theory, which I will evaluate in greater depth, is termed the Loss-Aversion Theory of Foreign Policy Change . This Theory entails three hypotheses on the conditions under which we can expect – and, more importantly, predict – changes in foreign policy. Although Welch remains humble regarding his Theory’s drawbacksRead MoreDecision Making And The Prospect Theory1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Decision making is the act of choosing the best solution to a problem depending on its value and the preferences of the decision maker. In the first part of this essay, we will explore the Expected Utility theory and the Prospect Theory, which are normative and descriptive approaches to making decisions with inherent risks. 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These phases include, the intelligence phase, the design phase, the choice phase and implementation The first phase of Simon’s model is the intelligence phase. It is in this phase that the problem or decision that must be made

Purpose And Benefits Of The Livestock Industry . Specific

Purpose and Benefits of the Livestock Industry Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about the benefits of the livestock industry and how we are feeding a growing world. Thesis: The livestock industry as a whole is a vital part of our everyday lives, but is often looked upon negatively due to misconstrued facts, videos and personal opinion. Pattern of Organization: Chronological Introduction 1. By a show of hands, how many of you enjoy eating a burger or bacon? Alright, how many girls in here wear makeup? 2. Today I would like to inform to you about the benefits of the livestock industry and how it is apart of your everyday lives. As I have just shown you, the majority of people enjoy items from livestock or partake†¦show more content†¦(Animals Livestock) a. The six main species are cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses, and poultry. i. *Visual Aid: Show pictures of each species* ii. There are hundreds of different breeds of each of these species that date back to anywhere from 6,500 B.C to 3000 B.C, with remains being found in Turkey, Egypt, France and several other countries. iii. Each of these species can be used for numerous products that we as consumers use everyday. b. Oklahoma State University conducted research on alternative breeds of livestock in the mid 2000’s that suggests there are five different species of alternative livestock. (Oklahoma State University) i. These particular species are not as commonly consumed or used in our everyday lives. ii. Buffalo, camels, donkeys, llama’s and yak’s are those five alternative species. iii. The uses of these species are generally for pack animals in other foreign countries with the exception of buffalo which are used for some meat production here in the United States. c. Finally, there is aquaculture which is technically considered fish farming/production. i. The National Agriculture Library provided the names of five different production facilities located here in the United States. (Animals Livestock) ii. I was personally unaware of this side of the industry until recently when I learned that they produce finfish, shellfish and other aquatic animals and that aquaculture has grown fairly large andShow MoreRelatedAn Alternative Medicine For Antibiotics And Livestock Industry : Essential Oils999 Words   |  4 PagesAn Alternative to Antibiotics Use in Livestock Industry: Essential Oils Introduction Bovine mastitis--inflammation of cow mammary gland--does not only cause major economic loss to the cattle and milk industries, but also confers substantial public health concerns. Antibiotics, the conventional treatment for this illness, increasingly receives criticism due to its evidenced contribution to bacterial resistance, chemical hazard for human consumers, and decreased milk quality. 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A preliminary example of the effectiveness of prokaryotic genes in creating genetically modifiedRead MoreAgricultural Solid Waste For Energy Potential And Environmentally Sustainable Use From North American Midwest Cattle Farms2256 Words   |  10 Pages Livestock Manure Waste-to-Energy Potential and Most Sustainable Use in North-American Midwest Cattle Farms Alina Hong Gregoire Mazars Matthew Garamella Oliver Schwartz 1 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Introduction / Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Use of manure as fertilizer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Use of manure as waste-to-energy...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Anaerobic digestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Combustion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1291 Words   |  6 Pagesa very large part of today’s economy and food distribution. Globalization 101 presents a good definition, â€Å"A GMO is an organism (either a virus, a bacterium, or a more complex life-form) whose genetic makeup has been altered by humans for a specific purpose. (â€Å"Genetically Modified Organisms,† n.d.).† Billion dollar crop corporations, farmers, and food distributors all use GMOs to maximize their production efforts. Whether it be on a small scale, such as a family farm or on a national setting withRead MoreNuclear Transfer And Its Effect On The Body Of A Surrogate Mother1355 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy early development. In 1977, the cloning of mice using nuclei f rom early embryos was reported, however this work was not repeatable. Research on nuclear transfer however continued in cattle, this was driven by the prospect of large commercial benefits from multiplying elite embryos. In the early 1980’s the former Animal Breeding Research Organisation started research aimed at producing transgenic sheep and cattle that would secrete human proteins in their milk. By the middle of the 1980’s theRead MoreFood Industry And Food Processing Industry Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesFood manufacturing industry or food processing industry includes the techniques or methods that are used to transform ingredients into processed food items that are suitable for human consumption. Manufacturers in this industry take clean, harvested, slaughtered and butchered ingredients and they use them to produce marketable and processed food items. Moreover, there are different ways that manufacturers can use to produce processed food products. One off prod uction method includes customers placing

What Kind of a Learner I Am Free Essays

Throughout life everyone learns. How we learn and whether we are able to retain and recall that information is the problematic part. The way we absorb, analyze, and retain information is what makes each individual unique. We will write a custom essay sample on What Kind of a Learner I Am or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is successful for one individual may not be the most optimal way of learning for someone else. Therefore, everybody has a preferred learning style. Knowing and understanding our learning style helps us to learn more effectively. Through identifying our learning style, we will be able to capitalize on our strengths and improve our self-advocacy skills. For example, I am visual type of a learner. For me it is better to read something to memorize it and then it is easier for me to recall that information. I think this method is helping me a lot through my life because such a way I can use my advantage everywhere where it is possible. As concerns studying, I can pertain myself to 3 types: instrumental, achievement-oriented, and intrinsic. I am studying because it is interesting, but at the same time I want that my efforts were appreciated with a help of good grades and by getting a good job. One of the basic skills for success in the knowledge society is the ability to learn. With increasingly rapid changes in the work place, people must learn to learn in order that they can maintain their full and continued participation in a society. In conclusion, I can say that we all have elements of each learning style. But the truth is that one or two types stand out in each of us. Having determined which style of learner you are, and figure out ways to incorporate that learning style into your studying process. I will continue to encourage myself to figure out alternative styles, and try to bring each type into my life. How to cite What Kind of a Learner I Am, Essay examples

Contract for Services Case Study of Lou - an Owner of a Tea Wholesalin

Question: Case Study Lou, the owner of a tea wholesaling company, decided about a year ago that product quality of some imported sources was too variable. To improve consistency of the product Lou decided he would employ someone to test samples of imported product and grade them. His retired Uncle Jim came to mind. He was a food scientist and using his skills would also assist him by keeping him busy. Lou approached Jim with an agreement titled Contract for Services, devised by the companys lawyer. It involved Jim agreeing not to be an employee and to have his own incorporated consulting business. The agreement included a clause suggesting he was not permitted to delegate any of his responsibilities at the tea company to another unless he got Lous approval. The agreement also stated he would be paid a set fee for each day he came to the warehouse and worked and a monthly pay date. Although not mentioned in the agreement, Jim was to pay his own taxes and make his own superannuation contributions. He was supplied with a warehouse uniform and all the equipment he required to perform his scientific analysis. Jim worked from 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday for eight months without a day off and then suffered a serious heart attack. His daily routine at work had involved him checking in with Lou for instructions on the days work, Lous oversight of his progress during the day and an assignment of administrative support to support him at particular times. Toward the end of the financial year Jim was asked to supervise a couple of juniors in stocktaking processes, for about four weeks, but he had otherwise stuck to his scientific analysis. One of the policies Lou added to the Employee Handbook last year was an anti-bullying policy. The policy required a particular procedure to be followed if bullying was detected by any member of staff, and indicated management would treat the behaviour, if confirmed on investigation, as serious misconduct and it was likely to result in disciplinary procedures being taken. The policy was not included in staff contracts but they were all alerted to it on commencement of their engagement. Jim had reported the two juniors he had supervised as bullies just before his heart attack. He made a written complaint stating their language was repeatedly demeaning to him and their regular slapping of him on the back was so aggressive it upset him to the point he was ready to resign. Lou was aware of his issues with the young workers and wonders what he is required to do now that Jim is convalescing and may not return to work. Advise Lou whether Jim could be regarded as an employee, despite their written agreement. He is contractually bound to follow the Employee Handbook procedure in relation to the bullying complaint. He has breached any common law duty to Jim even if he is not contractually bound to follow the Employee Handbook procedure. Answer: The given case scenario is about Lou, an owner of a tea wholesaling firm. The Company Head decided to recruit a candidate for the work of testing the quality of several important products. Due to this Lou visits his uncle Mr. Jim who is a food scientist by profession. Lou desired of using the skill of his uncle. A contract named Contract for services was drafted by the lawyer of the firm that was represented by Lou to his uncle (McGregor, 2014). On a general basis, a contract that is titled as contract for services refers to an agreement by virtue of which an individual provides his consent to deliver performance to the organization being an independent contractor (Lowe and Korr, 2008). On account of this, no relationship amidst employer and employee exists. However, the employee is not covered under the provisions of the Employment Act. So accordingly, Jim was not considered to be Lous employee that is on the basis of a condition provided in it. However, the firm hired Jim at a fixe d salary. Owing to the presence of a contract, Jim does not deserve to be an employee of the firm, contrary to which would violate the contract. Another issue mentioned in the case scenario is about bullying. For protecting the self-interest of the employees, the legislature of Australia has enacted the act for workplace safety and health. This enactment assures that no organizational employee shall be exploited by his employer in any way. For creating a strong work culture as well as positive attitude within the workplace, the statutory body plays an important role in West Australia (Magliveras, 2005). The key issue here is that of anti-bullying. Bullying is considered to be a common phenomenon in almost every workplace. It denotes an organized causing of interpersonal devastation which affects majorly upon mental, physical, or psychological condition of a person. This is now a common aspect in educational institutions or workplaces. As per the surveys, the ultimate cause of this bullying at workplace is that it is not yet made illegal at some place. And even if it is illegal at places, these are not executed as per the rule (Johnston, Phanhtharath and Jackson, 2010). In the case, Lou is responsible on a contractual basis for acknowledging the procedure in the employee rulebook related to bullying issue. The policy of anti-bullying has been introduced in the employee handbook but not in staff contracts. So, Lou is not liable at all legally to abide by the procedure. But, he had the responsibility to hear all complaints of employees linked with bullying. It is clearly mentioned in the employee handbook procedure about the way employees are required to act in workplaces irrespective of job role(Wallace, 2002). This is given to every member of the organization. If the policy of anti-bullying is to be followed in compliance with the handbook for employment procedure, it might get ambiguous for authorities to provide remedies of bullying. The policy of anti-bully had been introduced by Lou himself within the handbook of employment procedure in the last year. However, no action was undertaken in favor of the complaint by Jim. As per the rule made by the owner of the firm relating to anti-bullying process, if any case of bullying occurred or any complaint was launched by any employee, it would be taken quite seriously with due steps to mitigate it by the company management. However, all the mentioned steps must comply with the conditions given in the procedure handbook(Halbesleben and Wheeler, 2010). If it is identified after or during the investigation that bullying has occurred then the guilty would be held responsible for the act of bullying the victim and thus he must be penalized as per the policy norm as prescribed in the rule. As referred to in the case, the complaint that was launched by Jim related to the bullying act upon two organizational employees, was not even inquired any way by the higher authority of th e company. In compliance with the law in Australia, compensation is to be awarded to Jim since no step had been taken in favor of the complaint launched by Jim. Several cases were launched whereby management or higher authority has been alleged in incompetent dealing with issues related to bullying aspects the firm also faced much allegation in a way that the management has been very much reluctant in discharging duties in favor of bullying issues(Dealtry, 2003). During 2006, they were provided justice by giving a huge sum amount in the form of compensation related to the complaints launched in relation to bullying. The court had awarded that the defendant needed to pay the salary of 38 weeks at the rate of $627 per week. Again, an obligation of common law has been breached to Jim who has been breached by Lou though he is not liable to abide by the handbook of employment procedure. Despite the fact that he is not responsible to abide by the handbook procedure, as an employer he could not escape his responsibility. One of the key responsibilities of him is to carefully attend to the complaints and adopt necessary actions in favor of the issue of bullying. The employer has the duty to identify and punish the actual culprit whoever he may be (Chernyaeva, n.d.). It is identified that such an act may reduce the productivity or level of motivation and even the work culture on account of lack of concern by Lou. The key aim of the Workplace Health and Safety law is to give enough protection to all employees during their course of work life, thereby reducing the risk aspects amidst employees within the workplace is another aim of the statute. The factors associated with risks may be mitigated by enacting the a cts of bullying as well as other issues in lieu of increased penalties. The main attribute of the law governing health as well as safety at workplace are: Assuring safety of each employee irrespective of individual post or role within the company. Adequate care towards safety measures of the workers or employees. Necessary actions to be taken on issue of complaints(Hager, 2004). Guilty must be adequately penalized. Within Australia, by means of statute or any other mean, no proper definition of bullying is given, particularly the elements comprising the issue of bullying. This happens to be one of the most significant issues within the given sector particularly by the employees, since bullying can occur in several ways but no specific way is prescribed. For instance, several students across the Australian territory are exposed to bullying in schools (Wright, 2005). Often employees experience menace on account of lack of implementation of present statutes and also lack of enactment of new laws in relation to menace. Irrespective of gender, caste, creed, or religion often most of the people whether students or employees are subjected to activities of bullying. As per different surveys, it has been identified that it commonly happens giving out different dare consequences every time. During the course of employment as well as work environment, the act of bullying gives a negative impact on employees. In this given case, the reluctant behavior of Lou with respect to that of the culprits of the act of bully provided them due advantage in relation to the aggressive behavior towards others. The behavior of Lou may act as an encouragement for the culprits in the act. To the consequences of this, Jim had a massive heart attack. Some fatal outcomes of bullying acts are: Declining attendance graph on account of the dread as well as fear among employees, leading to hamper in work. One of the key outcomes of such an act is declining attendance. Employees often go on a leave due to panic, and this affects productivity of the company. Increase in anxiety among the junior employees result in occurrence of more errors during work. This symptom is stated in the case that Jim may not have suffered from heart attack if corrective measures were taken (Wright, 2005). Decreasing level of performances amidst employees and less work productivity. The act of bullying may lessen the performances of the employees. As in case of Jim it became devastating. He had to give up his work due to heart attack. The act of bullying often de-motivates the employees at their work. During the cases of complaints of bullying activities, the management often needs to spend increased time in solving the issues. This is wastage of time and hinders further growth of the organization(McGregor, 2014). Thus, it is a common responsibility of Lou to adopt certain important measures against the incident and the issue and punish the guilty although he is not liable for this contractually. Jim would not have suffered if it was done much earlier. References Chernyaeva, D. (n.d.). Workplace Mobbing and Workplace Harassment Regulation in Russia.SSRN Journal. Dealtry, R. (2003). Issues relating to learning accreditation in corporate university management.Journal of Workplace Learning, 15(2), pp.80-86. Hager, P. (2004). Lifelong learning in the workplace? Challenges and issues.Journal of Workplace Learning, 16(1/2), pp.22-32. Halbesleben, J. and Wheeler, A. (2010). Coverage by smokeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ free workplace policies by race/ethnicity and health outcomes.International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 3(2), pp.111-130. Johnston, M., Phanhtharath, P. and Jackson, B. (2010). The Bullying Aspect of Workplace Violence in Nursing.JONA's Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 12(2), pp.36-42. Lowe, T. and Korr, W. (2008). Workplace Safety Policies in Mental Health Settings.Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 22(4), pp.29-47. Magliveras, K. (2005). The Regulation of Workplace Sexual Harassment in Greece: Legislation and Case Law Analysis.International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 7(1-4), pp.169-186. McGregor, M. (2014). Harassment in the Workplace: Context as Indicator.International Law Research, 3(1). Wallace, M. (2002). Managing and developing online education: issues of change and identity.Journal of Workplace Learning, 14(5), pp.198-208. Wright, T. (2005). Inside the Workplace.Industrial Law Journal, 34(4), pp.349-352.

The European Unification Essay Example For Students

The European Unification Essay 500 years ago, the European age began. Portuguese seafarers swept Europe out of the medieval age, and boldly helped Europe to grow. During the European age, constant wars were fought among the many nations that made up Europe. By 1945, Europe had all but destroyed itself. With the end of the 20th century, Europe has been given a historic opportunity, a united Europe, it is a chance at new life, a miracle as some consider it. On January 1, 1999, champagne corks popped, fireworks lit up the skies, and the peoples in Europe were happy. What is important about this date? January 1, 1999 marked the launching of the new single currency for the European Union, the euro. Many see this as a giant step towards Europes long quest for unity. The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf hailed the launch of the euro as the crown upon European unification. After many decades of dreams, diplomacy, and delays, European unity seemed closer than ever. However as you shall see, the European Union will not benefit Europe, rather it will serve as a detriment. We will write a custom essay on The European Unification specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order to decide whether the EU will serve to benefit Europe, or hurt it, we need to consider the history behind Europe. In 1993, the European Union was started. Across all of Europe it was hailed as a new opportunity for peace, something that could not be rejected. The EU began with five countries, who signed a pact to unite and grow stronger. Now, in the year 2000, the European Union has grown to some 15 member countries, joined together for a common cause: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These countries have at great expense, decided to make the change from individual countries, to a united group of people. The rules and requirements are strict, or else many more countries would have already joined. As it is, there are many countries waiting in the wings, waiting to be accepted into the European Union; countries like Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hung ary, Poland, and Slovenia. There are eight others that are awaiting their turn, but cannot join as of yet, since the entrance fee does not come cheap. However, in time, most of Europe will join the EU and a new United States of Europe will be born hopefully. What is the purpose of the EU? Well, in short, unity. All of Europe, for once, working towards the same goals; no more wars, no more violence, stability, and peace. These are goals every nation in the world strives towards These are the three pillars which the European Union is based on:Pillar One: abides by the Treaty of Rome, as revised by the Single European Act, it introduces a single market, where all can share and prosper, it includes democracy in Europe, and the European Monetary Union (single currency, European Central Bank, single monetary policy, coordination of economic policies)Pillar Two: established the Common Foreign Policy and Common Security Policy which make it impossible for the Union to take joint action in foreign and security affairs. Pillar Three: establishes an asylum policy, rules on crossing state borders, an immigration policy, the combating of illegal activities, and includes customs, police and judicial cooperation. These are the three pillars upon which all the EU must abide. The European Union offers much for Europe: a common constitution, a single economy and currency, a common foreign policy, as well as common security and defense policies. It offers to give Europe the ability to become a major world power, with an economy that can compete with the U.S. economy. If everything works out, the European unifications will strengthen Europe, not only in its economy but in every other area as well. And indeed, improvements can be seen. The European Union has already begun to expand Europes economy. Previously, countries such as Finland had as little a gain as 4% on their exports. Now revenues have increased 25% or more in these countries. Not only Europes economy has grown, but so has its security, as well as its peace. Tariffs have been removed, and borders are marked merely by signs, along with small guard posts. People can go between countries with ease, now that the borders have been all but el iminated. This has greatly contributed to the growth of businesses, and lots more money is being made. In short, currently the European Union seems to be working out to the benefit of everybody in Europe. These facts alone, are enough for many to agree with the concept of a European Union wholeheartedly. Many put their faith in the success of Europe, hardly able to wait for the glorious days ahead. But, not all believe that Europe will prosper under the EU. There are many problems that face Europe, and many seemingly insurmountable obstacles remain to be overcome. .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .postImageUrl , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:hover , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:visited , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:active { border:0!important; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:active , .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7853c5587ac05104abaa817a1a9c441d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Irving Textual Analysis of The Legend Of Sllepy H EssayThe EU faces problems that all countries must face; financial problems, resentment, nationalism, and unemployment. The reason so many countries are waiting in the wings is because the EU is currently having its own financial problems. There is not enough money to go around. The poorer nations in the EU have their own grievances as well. They feel that the richer member nations are not sharing enough of their wealth with them. None of the member nations deny the need to offer the poorer European partners extra financial support. Yet, the richer nations feel that they have valid reasons for holding back. Take Germany for example. That countrys enthusiasm to act as paymaster for European unification has clearly waned now that its own money problems have risen. The price tag for unifying East Germany and West Germany alone has exceeded a hundred billion dollars a year! That is a quarter of the national budget! This has caused Germanys national debt to go through the roof, to such an extent that, even now, Germany has to make great efforts to meet the criteria for joining the European Union. Other countries are not without their problems as well. Hungary will have to spend over 12 billion euros to fix its road and railway systems. The Czech Republic needs to spend more than 3.5 billion euros on water treatment alone! And Polands sulfur emissions will take 3 billion euros to reduce them to the standards of the EU. Still, the countries believe the benefits outweigh the costs. Trade will increase, and money should begin to flow again, this time to a greater extent. Some view the EU as merely a tool for socialists. The EU has set up many rules to harmonize standards across Europe. The EU commission will bring together various producers of any given item, a lawn mower or an accordion, and negotiate agreements on a single standard for its production. The EU has placed restrictions so that only a half-dozen varieties of apples are allowed to be sold in the Union. People believe that such Eurosocialism will produce stagflation, not wealth. There is yet another problem that of unemployment. Around ten percent of the EUs labor force is currently unemployed. More than 16 million people are out of work. So far, all the efforts to reform the labor market have proved to be unfruitful, and there is little planning towards how to reduce this problem in the near future. However, many believe that once further differences between nations of the EU are resolved, there will be jobs for everyone, and the unemployment rate should rapidly drop. There is also the q uestion of sovereignty. The question is: Who will rule the European Union? It will be vital that member nations forgo their sovereignty in order for the European Union to work. Smaller nations fear that in the long run, the larger nations will call the shots and refuse to accept decisions that could harm the larger nations own interests. And the larger nations are not willing to give up their rank and high position. One government official even said: My country was born to lead, not serve. These are just a few of the many large obstacles that block the way to European Unity. The EU will have to overcome problems like economic disparity, war, unemployment, and nationalism.While great steps have been taken towards unifying Europe, there are many more steps yet to come. So the question remains, will the European Union serve to benefit Europe on the whole, or will it be a cause for great sorrow and pain? Indeed, there is much cause for optimism. The economy and peace of all the countries on a whole have increased dramatically. And the EU has made great steps in the direction of unity. However, there is also much cause for pessimism. This Eurosocialism has many people on edge, and some are beginning to believe that the EU is of, by, and for bureaucrats. The problems with unemployment, unrest, and sovereignty are too great to be ignored, and have yet to be resolved. The fact remains, that all of these problems facing Europe, are problems that every country in the world faces in one way or another. Whether they are united or not. So far, no solutions have been put forth to fix any of these problems. The progress that has been made towards European Unification, while great indeed, is clearly not enough to ensure that the European Union will succeed. Unless some drastic advances occur with these problems, the European Union is doomed to failure. .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .postImageUrl , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:hover , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:visited , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:active { border:0!important; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:active , .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56c65751779df6c5005a75e12c0d73be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Network security and firewalls EssayBibliography:BibliographyBook:Biskup, Micheal. European Unification Will Strengthen Europe. Europe. Greenhaven Press, 1992. pg. 28-36I was able to get a good idea of what people had in mind, when they created the European Union. I learned many things about the goals and the hopes that went into making the EU, as well as the many dangers that come along with not doing it correctly. The information helped me to get an opposing viewpoint on my thesis statement. Aiding me in arguing my point to a fuller extent. I believe that while biased, this source was credible, in that it presented the facts of what people wanted for the European Union. This source proved to be very valuable, and I couldnt have written my paper well without it. Biskup, Micheal. European Unification Will Weaken Europe. Europe. Greenhaven Press, 1992. pg. 52-56This essay gave me a good idea of how the European Union will weaken Europe, I learned much about the Eurosocialism that now pervades the EU, as well as many other interesting facts. This source aided me greatly in the writing of my paper, and proving my thesis, because it was on the same topic. It gave facts that could not be denied, and it also showed how the problems in the EU are problems that all countries in the world face. I believe this source too was biased, yet credible. Because it gave true facts. This source was a very very valuable recource, and I was able to glean much for my paper from it. Periodical:Will Europe Really Unite? Awake! April 22, 2000, pg. 3-8This article went into describing the EUs problems and delimas that it is currently facing. It gave many facts as to financial issues and unemployment. This was by far on of the most usefull and relyable sources that I could find. I was able to use this article for proving my thesis, because it showed how all of these many problems, are things that everyone faces, and nobody has come up with an answer yet to solve them. This source was very credible, it had parenthetical citations on the facts it used, and showed how it drew the conclusions that it did. This source was the most usefull source I could find in giving the facts, like they were, without any bias. Website:The European Union: In The US Date updated: 4/15/00 http://www.eurunion.org/ Date of access: 4/15/00With this web site, I was able to be introduced into the world of the European Union. It contains links to hundereds of articles and other sites all having to do with the European Union, in all its aspects. It is updated daily, so I found it to be very credible. This site enabled me to gain a deeper understanding of the workings of the EU, and I gained much knoledge from it. I found it to be very credible. This source was also very usefull, and I was able to learn much from it. Policies of the European Union Date updated: 1999 http://europa.eu.int/pol/index-en.htm Date of access: 4/17/00This web site showed me the many legal documents that the EU has made, including rules on just about anything you could think of. It has all of the EUs policies in every area. This information helped me to get a deeper understanding of the EU, along with seeing how incredibly socialist some of it has become. This source was very credible, showing the legal documents used. This source restated the facts in previous sources, proving them. The European Union Date updated: 1999 http://s700.uminho.pt/ec.html Date of access: 4/17/00This web site had the various countries that had joined the EU, including an interactive map to gain more information on them. This site aided me in gaining the names of the countries affiliated with the EU. It is very credible, stating well known facts. It proved usefull, though not vital. Encyclopedia:Results for European Union search Date updated: 1999http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/04281.html Date of access: 4/15/00This online encyclopedia had many articles on overviews of the EU. It was semi-usefull in making my paper, but not vital. Because it just repeated information I had found elsewhere. I found it to be very credible, because its from an encyclopedia! This source restated some fact that were said in my other sources, proving them to be actually factual. Interview:(note: I was unable to find an interview. In all my searches on the web, I could not find an email address with which to contact somebody who could help me out in this. I did search though, but unfortunatley could not find an interview)

The Most Controversial Plays of the 20th Century

The Most Controversial Plays of the 20th Century The theater is a perfect venue for social commentary and many playwrights have used their position to share their beliefs on various issues affecting their time. Quite often, they push the boundaries of what the public deems acceptable and a play can quickly become very controversial. The years of the 20th century were filled with social, political, and economic controversy and a number of plays written during the 1900s addressed these issues. How Controversy Takes Shape On the Stage An older generations controversy is the next generations banal standard. The fires of controversy often fade as time goes by. For example, when we look at Ibsens A Dolls House we can see why it was so provocative during the late 1800s. Yet, if we were to set A Dolls House in modern day America, not too many people would be shocked by the plays conclusion. We might yawn as Nora decides to leave her husband and family. We might nod to ourselves thinking, Yep, theres another divorce, another broken family. Big deal. Because theater pushes the boundaries, it often evokes heated conversations, even public outrage. Sometimes the impact of the literary work generates societal change. With that in mind, lets take a brief look at the most controversial plays of the 20th century. Springs Awakening This caustic critique by Frank Wedekind is one  of hypocrisy and societys flawed sense of morality stands up for the rights of adolescents. Written in Germany in the late 1800s, it was not actually performed until 1906. Springs Awakening is subtitled  A Childrens Tragedy. In recent years Wedekinds play (which has been banned and censored many times during its history) has been adapted into a critically acclaimed musical, and with good reason. The storyline is saturated with dark, brooding satire, teen angst, blossoming sexuality, and tales of innocence lost.The main characters are youthful, likable, and naive. The adult characters, in contrast, are stubborn, ignorant, and almost inhuman in their callousness.When the so-called moral adults rule by shame instead of compassion and openness, the adolescent characters pay a heavy toll. For decades, many theaters and critics considered Springs Awakening perverse and unsuitable for audiences, showing just how accurately Wedekind critiqued turn-of-the-century values. The Emperor Jones Although it is generally not considered the best play by Eugene ONeill, The Emperor Jones is perhaps his most controversial and cutting-edge. Why? In part, because of its visceral and violent nature. In part, because of its post-colonialist criticism. But mainly because it did not marginalize African and African-American culture in a time when openly racist minstrel shows were still considered acceptable entertainment. Originally performed in the early 1920s, the play details the rise and fall of Brutus Jones, an African-American railway worker who becomes a thief, a killer, an escaped convict, and after journeying to the West Indies, the self-proclaimed ruler of an island. Although Jones character is villainous and desperate, his corrupt value system has been derived by observing upper-class white Americans. As the island people rebel against Jones, he becomes a hunted man and undergoes a primal transformation. Drama critic Ruby Cohn writes: The Emperor Jones ​is at once a gripping drama about an oppressed American black, a modern tragedy about a hero with a flaw, an expressionist quest play probing to the racial roots of the protagonist; above all, it is more highly theatrical than its European analogues, gradually quickening the tom-tom from normal pulse-rhythm, stripping away colorful costume to the naked man beneath, subordinating dialogue to innovative lighting in order to illuminate an individual and his racial heritage. As much as he was a playwright, ONeill was a social critic who abhorred ignorance and prejudice. At the same time, while the play demonizes colonialism, the main character exhibits many immoral qualities.   Jones is by no means a role model character. African-American playwrights such as Langston Hughes, and later on Lorraine Hansberry, would create plays that celebrated the courage and compassion of black Americans. This is something not seen in ONeills work, which focuses on the turbulent lives of derelicts, both black and white. Ultimately, the diabolical nature of the protagonist leaves modern audiences wondering whether or not The Emperor Jones did more harm than good. The Childrens Hour Lillian Hellmans 1934 drama about a little girls destructive rumor touches upon what was once an incredibly taboo subject: lesbianism. Because of its subject matter, The Childrens Hour was banned in Chicago, Boston, and even London. The play tells the story of Karen and Martha, two close (and very platonic) friends and colleagues. Together, they have established a successful school for girls. One day, a bratty student claims that she witnessed the two teachers romantically entwined. In a witch-hunt style  frenzy, accusations ensue, more lies are told, parents panic and innocent lives are ruined. The most tragic event occurs during the plays climax. Either in a moment of exhausted confusion or stress-induced enlightenment, Martha confesses her romantic feelings for Karen. Karen tries to explain that Martha is simply tired  and that she needs to rest. Instead, Martha walks into the next room (off-stage) and shoots herself. Ultimately, the shame unleashed by the community became too great, Marthas feelings too difficult to accept, thus ending with a needless suicide. Although perhaps tame by todays standards, Hellmans drama paved the way for a more open discussion about social and sexual mores, ultimately leading to more modern (and equally controversial) plays, such as: Angels in AmericaTorch Song TrilogyBentThe Laramie Project Considering a rash of recent suicides due to rumors, school bullying, and hate crimes against young gays and lesbians, The Childrens Hour has taken on a new-found relevancy.   Mother Courage and Her Children Written by Bertolt Brecht in the late 1930s, Mother Courage is a stylistic yet grimly disturbing depiction of the horrors of war. The title character is a cunning female protagonist who believes that she will be able to profit from war. Instead, as the war rages on for twelve years, she beholds the death of her children, their lives vanquished by the culminating violence. In a particularly grisly scene, Mother Courage watches the body of her recently executed son being tossed into a pit. Yet she does not acknowledge him for fear of being identified as the mother of the enemy. Although the play is set in the 1600s, the anti-war sentiment resonated amongst audience during its debut in 1939 and beyond. Over the decades, during such conflicts as the Vietnam War and the wars in Iraq  and Afghanistan, scholars and theater directors have turned to Mother Courage and Her Children, reminding audiences of the horrors of war. Lynn Nottage was so moved by Brechts work she traveled to war-torn Congo in order to write her intense drama, Ruined. Although her characters exhibit much more compassion than Mother Courage, we can see the seeds of Nottages inspiration. Rhinoceros Perhaps the perfect example of the Theater of the Absurd,  Rhinoceros is based upon a deviously strange concept: Humans are turning into rhinos. No, its not a play about the Animorphs and its not a science-fiction fantasy about were-rhinos (although that would be awesome). Instead, Eugene Ionescos play is a warning against conformity. Many view the transformation from human to rhino as a symbol of conformism. The play is often seen as a warning against the rise of deadly political forces such as Stalinism and fascism. Many believe that dictators such as Stalin and Hitler must have brainwashed the  citizens  as if the population was somehow fooled into accepting an immoral regime. However, in contrast to popular belief, Ionesco demonstrates how some people, drawn toward the bandwagon of conformity, make a conscious choice to abandon their individuality, even their  humanity  and succumb the forces  of society.

Unethical decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unethical decisions - Essay Example The growing technological advancement has led to integration of the communication all over the world. Integrated information system has been a great relief to many people as well as organization when it comes to conducting electronic transactions. However, this development has been met and strained by serious unethical practices that have led to great loss of finances and jobs. Unethical practices and decisions made on the information systems have also led to disrepute to many organizations (Collier & Spaul, 1990). The integration of information system witnessed an advantageous introduction of credit cards that have been used to carry transactions involving purchasing and sales of goods and services. However, this system has since undergone intrusion occasioned by unending frauds (Shortland & Scarf, 2007). Credit cards of certain individuals have been stolen and used in purchase of goods and services by the fraudsters, thus leading loss of colossal amounts of money by the credit card companies. The same problem has been witnessed even with the use of virtual credit cards. Fraudsters have used complex techniques to get to know the secrete information of the credit cards of particular individuals and have been conducting transactions with such cards at the expense of the true holders. To confront, tackle and curb credit card frauds, Shortland and Scarf (2007) illustrate that various individuals have come with systems to assist achieve the alleviation of these widespread unethical practices. The ideas have included metalearning, and cardwatch among others that uses modifiers and classifiers to mine data and detect frauds in the system. Even though, these technologies have failed to bear desirable fruits as disorganized distribution of data and mixing of the genuine and fraudulent transactions that have complicated the functionality of the systems. Continuing research on this field has led to invention of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that works

Abstracts On Major Religions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstracts On Major Religions - Assignment Example It is important to be able to practice a religion, but if the religion rituals harm the world where others live as well, this can be sufficient reason for questioning. Some of the rituals being offered include clothing, ashes, and coconuts which is considered liter. The Hindus people believe that Ganges, a name given to the bay, takes away their sickness, pain, and suffering. It is hard to dispute their belief system but both parties need to come to an understanding since they are on territory that is different from the one they are used to; Gayana. They are in Queens New York. As of right now, the officials are at a dead end. Ganges is located on the banks of the bay in Queens New York, where the Hindu population is growing. It is hard to interfere when it comes to determining how the environment and the people should and should not be treated in the â€Å"name of the gods† but something has to be done in order to protect the wellbeing of all. Foreign and historical practices need to be conscientious of modern day reality. Pollution does not only harm the earth, but also the people, plants and animals in existence. The best way to bring this problem to light and to eventually fix it will be educate the people by giving them facts and statistics they can use that prove direct harm to themselves and those around them. Without this information, ritualistic offerings will continue to be a problem.

What are computer viruses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What are computer viruses - Essay Example The operating system basically creates an environment in which the application programs can function. Operating system deals with the program execution i.e. loading the program to memory, executing the program and ending or terminating the program. It helps with the identification of errors such as traffic errors or shortage or memory. Operating systems are involved in allocation of resources within the different computer programs according to their need levels and subject to availability of memory and other resources. Input and output functions regarding different files and devices are also performed by the operating system. Some other functions that the operating system performs are file management, the renaming of files and storage are looked at in this section; security is another core aspect of operating systems, its provides protection to programs and different data; accounting is another aspect that is handled by the operating system, in this basically it maintains a record of the resources that have been used by different

Interviews in Social Work

Interviews in Social Work Simulated interviews reflection and approach work Part 1 The purpose of the interview was to explore the service users situation and investigate his needs and problems. When reflecting on the interview techniques I asked both open and closed questions, for example Do you want to tell me whats happened recently? I probed into his responses several times for example would you like to talk in more depth about that? These questions can promote client involvement, inviting the service user to talk in more depth. Using this technique shows that I listened by asking questions about points he had discussed. The service user mentioned that he felt I listened well to what he was saying because I asked him to talk about what hed discussed in more detail. I tried to use the non verbal attending SOLER techniques (Egan, 2007) these included facing the client squarely, having an open posture, leaning towards the service user and keeping good eye contact during the interview which when looking back at the interview I believe I did constantly. I did try one technique called scaling, upon reflection I concluded that it was not the correct time to use it. I think I was too eager to try too many techniques at once. Understanding this will help establish the correct skills to use in different situations. During the interview the service user was fidgeting, this may be a response to how he dealt with their anxieties and depression. However upon reflection I understand that anyone having an interview with a social worker could be nervous and fidget. Its unfair to conclude that it was his anxieties that caused him to fidget. Upon reflection I found that his answers were closed at first until I tried to make him comfortable, probing his responses until he felt more relaxed and happy that I was listening. He then became more confident at answering the questions and gave more in depth responses. However this may not have been because of the techniques I used. The service user has had dealing with mental health teams in the past. Having had experience of interviews he would find it easier to talk to a social worker and give answers out of habit. Mental health services have a habit to affect service users. Helping them in certain situations in the past, the service user will be used to worki ng with them in this setting and want them to help again so willingly involve themselves interviews. I tried to empathise with the service user when it was possible for example I can see things have been really difficult for you. I showed support when it was needed for example he knew what he did not want but not what he wanted in regards to having help. I explained that it was a good situation to be in and we can move on further from this. I believe I showed understanding and empathy towards his situation by using non verbal skills like smiling and nodding when he explained something Within the interview I was nervous and did not appreciate that this service user had previous experience of mental health services and already had strategies that enabled him to live with his mental distress. I focused solely on his mental health and this impeded my techniques and how I acted as the interviewer. I should have focused on the situation and asked him what his current situation was and why he was currently using mental health services. I did find out the main part of his situation, that he is about to be made homeless but I didnt explore it in depth after hed mentioned it. I just carried on with using techniques I had learnt and ignored the severity of his situation. I think my understanding of the purpose of the interview and the actual purpose had affected the way I acted and asked questions. Ignoring the whole reason why the service user was in crisis may have been due to my own personal experience of mental health. Understanding that my previous experience may impede my practice is something that reflection has uncovered. My age and gender may have affected the interview process. Being a young woman whos a social worker when my client is an older male with mental health problems understandably there are boundaries these may have affected how I asked questions and what I wanted to cover and how he answered questions. This man was not much younger than my father I may have ignored his most pressing problem because I associated him to a close figure that never has problems and always deals with things independently. Unconsciously I may have associated this and that may be why I ignored the severity of his imminent homelessness. I used a notebook throughout the interview. Upon reflection I believe I unconsciously used this as a barrier because of my own nerves and understanding of individuals using mental health services. I am rather disappointed in myself even if it was an unconscious action an individual using the mental health team needs a social worker who will not put up barriers that may suggest they want to distance themselves from the service user. Being aware of this will help me in the future when working within the mental health services. Biestek (1961) produced a set of values that social work is based on including individualisation and acceptance (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2009). I showed anti discriminatory practice by understanding that individuals should be treated as unique. You may already have previous experience of similar cases and already know what might work. However its important not to direct the service user but let them make their own decisions. Within the interview I believe I used this approach asking the service user What would you like us to do to help you? ensuring the service user makes the decisions. The social worker can safeguard the service user against making decisions for him by using reflection as a technique. Reflecting individually and being able to use your team to reflect upon what you as the social workers have done and why you have done. Colleagues may identify an important aspect which the social worker had not previously considered. During the interview I tried to keep my emotions controlled to make sure the service user was not affected. However whilst reflecting I feel emotional about the situation. I think its important to be able to feel emotions regarding the situation otherwise I may be more affected by the situation later on. Part 2 The service users situation is such that he will be imminently evicted and become homeless. As such the approach to take requires an intervention that will help and be effective in the short term. A crisis intervention and task centred approach helps people faced with sudden problems (Adams et al, 2009). When in crisis individuals find that they have no solutions, because of this may be more susceptive to outside help, in this case from mental health social workers (Roberts, 2000). These approaches would be the most effective in this situation as the service user is facing sudden problems. Crisis intervention uses elements of the psychodynamic approach and cognitive approach focusing on emotional responses to events and how to control them realistically. The task centred approach focuses on major continuing problems in life. Both improve the individuals ability to deal with their problems (Payne, 2005). There are different phases of crisis intervention, the beginning phase focuses on the situation but should look into his emotional state and well being. Using Roberts, 2000 seven stage crisis intervention model helps understand what this approach involves. The first stage is conducting the assessment. This leads to establishing rapport with the service user. Major problems are then identified and the causes of crisis are investigated to ensure these do not continue to affect the service user. The social worker helps the service user deal with emotions regarding the situation. The next stage involves the social worker and service user identifying different routes to take to ensure the service user is involved with decision making with regard to his plan (Roberts, 2000). I believe that this model is the most useful when understanding crisis intervention as during the fifth stage when they are looking at different routes to take they can look at the service users previous responses at c oping with difficult situations and how they had dealt with them then therefore focusing on strengths. During this stage the social worker could help the service user reduce the crisis into smaller manageable amounts this may decrease the service users level of anxiety. Helping involve him in coping mechanisms and decision making to develop and implement a plan. Firstly the social worker and service user must identify the crisis, assess the situation, explore strengths and the resources the service user may have and then implement a plan (Payne, 2005). Crisis intervention identifies practical tasks that the individuals need to readjust when crisis has occurred (Payne, 2005). This service users crisis has already been identified as his imminent homelessness. During the interview the situation was explored to find out other problems he is facing, he currently has depression and levels of anxiety and has had previous gambling problems. The strengths that the service user has are his commitment to want to work in the future and knowing he needs help but does not know what kind of help he needs. A major strength the service user has is his ability to form strategies to cope with his mental illness to enable him to live within society without difficulty until crisis had happened. From this initial interview further work would need to be done with the service user this would involve looking holistically, investigating his environment, familial relationships and other situations and find out any other needs which the service user may wish us to meet. Task centred intervention would be incorporated within this time whilst crisis intervention was ongoing. This is a practical approach and would be effective as it looks at his problems and why he might be facing crisis to try and prevent him facing crisis again. This is a short term problem solving approach using partnership and empowerment, building on peoples strengths. This approach focuses on the service users problems. Payne, 2005 explains that task centred looks at problems that the service user acknowledges and what they want to change. Task centred is effective when solving problems involving social relationships and decision making problems, both of which the service user has. The client identifies problems the tasks are then planned, these may involve small actions or involve different actions, for example in this case help with familial relationships and take part in gambling help. The tasks can be physical actions for example the service user is this case could call a gam bling anonymous helpline and ask for further help. These tasks are then evaluated to see if they have been achieved (Doel and Marsh, 2005). The purpose of task centred is to help resolve problems and give them capacity to deal with them in the future. Criticisms of both crisis intervention and task centred are that neither is effective when the service user is constantly facing crisis and some individuals may find it difficult to face their problems head on like in task centred. If timing was not a problem another approach which may have been useful would be Cognitive Behavioural Approach. This approach involves the application of the social learning theory and would help me as a social worker and the service user to understand how emotional and behavioural problems can arise and how they can then be maintained or changed. This theory was chosen as its one of the most effective treatments for conditions where depression is the main problem. It looks at triggers which might affect how the service user functions within society for example his gambling problems may have caused a difficult financial situation leading to his imminent homelessness (Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk, 2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy focuses on client self determination, empowering the service user to make their own decisions and also boosts the service users confidence when making these decisions and avoids having a dependent service user. It encourages service users to reinforce desirable behaviours rather than punish those that are undesirable (Adams et al, 2009) (Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk, 2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy is not a short process which is why it wouldnt be useful in this case. If further on when the crisis has resolved and the service user and social worker have built rapport it may be a useful approach to use when dealing with his other problems. The service user already had an idea of what cognitive behavioural therapy was as his psychiatrist has already referred him for short term cognitive behavioural work. Working with the therapist allocated to this service user may enhance his progress, if all professionals are working towards the same goal using the same approach it may be beneficial to the service user in the long run.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis :: essays papers

Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis Equine Protozoal Myeloencepalitis is a serious neurological disease in horses caused by a parasite protozoa thought to be sarcosystis neurona. The disease was first identified in the 1960’s when lesions and inflammation were seen in the brain and spinal cords of horses that had died of severe neurologic disease. Protozoa were discovered on the lesions in 1974, however the vector was unknown and the disease considered rare. Recently the opossum has been isolated as the probable vector and the likely parasite organism identified as Sarcosystis falcatula. (Fenger, 1996) The Sarcosystis protozoan parasites have a complicated life cycle. They exist in two distinct forms. One in the definitive host (a carnivore like the opossum) and one in a secondary or intermediate host (wild birds that the opossum feeds on). It reproduces in the digestive tract of the definitive host and passes infective sporocysts in the feces, which are then taken in by the secondary host. There the sporocysts migrate to the muscles and can persist for years until the secondary host is eaten by the definitive host. The protozoa are usually very host specific (requiring a specific carnivore to reproduce), and most likely neither host show any clinical signs of disease. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999) The horse is an unfortunate casualty in this cycle; it is infected when feces of the opossum are ingested with their food material. The horse is a dead-end host, meaning it is not required in the parasite’s life cycle and therefore the disease cannot be transmitted from horse to horse. Several interesting facts put forth by the University of Missouri: EPM is seen only in parts of the world that are inhabited by opossum specifically the Americas. It has been estimated that seroprevalence (indicating exposure) in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky is as high as 50%, however only a small percentage (2-3%) of those exposed will become ill with symptoms. Native wild birds infected are not likely to show any symptoms, however non-native birds become acutely ill and die from S. falcatula exposure. (U. Missouri†¦ 1999) Primary clinical signs of EPM occur from swelling and nerve death in the central nervous system as a result of the replicating protozoa. Neurologic signs can be directly referable to the site or sites of infection. The spinal cord is most often affected resulting in the â€Å"three A† symptoms of asymmetric ataxia and focal muscle atrophy. (Fenger, 1996) Ataxia affects the horse’s sense of position in space.

Jim Goodnight Essay

Goodnight is driven by creating a culture that is full of employee engagement and motivation. On the SAS website, Jim Goodnight is quoted as saying, â€Å"Treat employees like they make a difference and they will†. In a publication from Harvard Business Review that Goodnight co-wrote with author Richard Florida he states, â€Å"companies prosper when they harness the creative capital of their employees, as those are the individuals that are creative thinkers and generate valuable products and services. † Mr. Goodnight understands that his product is a â€Å"product of the mind,† and therefore recognizes that maintaining an environment that retains employees and keeps them engaged is a requirement to be successfully. Jim Goodnight has entrenched motivator factors into his business, while minimizing and eliminating hygiene factors for his employees. SAS uses a vertical loading management style that allows employees to be more engaged and empowered in their work. Employees draw responsibility and challenge from this management platform. SAS employees are often only two or three levels down from the CEO, Jim Goodnight, and work alongside their management writing code and setting deadlines. These factors motivate employees and displays to them that managers can be technical in nature and work alongside them â€Å"in the trenches. † Also, SAS has a strong focus on employee satisfaction and uses all possible means to minimize and eliminate hygiene factors that could cause dissatisfaction. Mr. Goodnight pays his employees a competitive salary, however, he shows his commitment through other means such as; benefits, company programs, and employee facilities. SAS understands that work life balance is a conflict that most professionals have to deal with and overcome. SAS maintains flexibility by offering services that ease this burden such as; lunch programs, unlimited sick leave, and in house childcare. The fact that SAS has never had a layoff speaks volumes to its employees about the dedication that leadership has to its employees on job security and proper staffing levels. These factors have far reaching effects on employees and families, as they recognize and appreciate these benefits. My current employer offers a package similar to the one SAS provides its employees, and I experience similar results. For example, teams are more motivated and engaged in their work with minimal turnover and low dissatisfaction with their jobs, and teams are more likely to accept additional assignments with minimal pushback. Jim Goodnight is clearly motivated by offering his employees the highest quality of work life balance possible. He believes the culture is based on â€Å"trust between our employees and the company.

Physician Assisted Suicide and American Federalism essays

Physician Assisted Suicide and American Federalism essays According to Brian Bix, law is most often considered with deciding who gets to decide cases. In Americas political system, this question is often distinguished. Much controversy and debate is focused on federalism. At what level should decisions be made, (individual, municipal, state or federal) and which sort of government should decide? This question of who decides is called federalism. The United States is a federal community with powers separated between the federal government and other governments below the federal government, in example, the states. Americas federalist system has valid, yet controversial policies for the way issues are considered in the country. Physician-assisted suicide is just one of them (1). According to Kathryn Tucker, attorney for the respondents in the Washington vs. Glucksberg case, this case presents the question, whether the 14th Amendments guarantee of liberty protects the decision of mentally competent terminally ill adults to bring about impending death in a certain, humane, and dignified matter? (2) It also asks the question, whether a state denies equal protection when it permits terminally ill patients equal protection when it permits terminally ill patients who are on life support to a humane death with medical assistance but prohibits terminally ill patients who are not on life support to exercising the same right by self-administering medication prescribed for that purpose? (Tucker 2) Does the Supreme Court have the powers delegated to them in the United States Constitution to agree or disagree with this issue or is this a case where it is left up to the state to decide? No, they do not. The Court uses the Commerce Clause to show that this case is a federalist issue, but it does not withhold the issues to which the decision is based on. Washington vs. Glucksberg is a judicial case where the court considered the constitutionality of Washington&ap...

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre "Jane Eyre" was published in 1847 under the androgynous pseudonym of "Currer Bell." The publication was followed by widespread success. Utilizing two literary traditions, the Bildungsroman and the Gothic novel, "Jane Eyre" is a powerful narrative with profound themes concerning genders, family, passion, and identity. It is unambiguously one of the most celebrated novels in British literature.Born in 1816, Charlotte Bronte was the third daughter of Patrick Bronte, an ambitious and intelligent clergyman. According to Newsman, all the Bronte children were unusually precocious and almost ferociously intelligent, and their informal and unorthodox educations under their father's tutelage nurtured these traits. Patrick Bronte shared his interests in literature with his children, toward whom he behaved as though they were his intellectual equals. The Bronte children read voraciously. Charlotte's imagination was especially fired by the poetry of Byron, whose brooding heroes served as the prot otypes for characters in the Bronte's juvenile writings as well as for such figures as Mr.English: North Lees Hall and out buildings Otherwi...Rochester in Jane Eyre (2). Bronte's formal education was limited and sporadic - ten months at the age of 8 at Cowan Bridge Clergy Daughters' School (the model for Lowood Institution in Jane Eyre), eighteen months from the age of 14 at Roe Head School of Miss Margaret Wooler (the model for Ms. Temple) (Nestor 3-4). According to Newman, Bronte then worked as a teacher at Roe Head for three years before going to work as a governess. Seeking an alternative way of earning money, Charlotte Bronte went to Brussels in 1842 to study French and German at the Pensionnat Heger, preparing herself to open a school at the parsonage. She seems to have fallen in love with her charismatic teacher, Constantin Heger. The experience seems on a probable source for a recurrent feature in Bronte's fiction: "relationships in...

My life An Engineer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My life An Engineer - Essay Example Your university will provide me with the international approach to engineering challenges. It will also expose me to the state-of-the-art facilities in engineering and a great learning environment where I can gain both practical and theoretical knowledge in Engineering. Part of my long term objective after completion of my course is to come back to Nigeria and establish a World-Class engineering organization that will provide both knowledge, experience and employment opportunities to young Nigerians with a passion in the Engineering field. My passion in engineering can be traced back to the years when I was still a young lad, even before I started going to school. Back then, I was very creative constructing toys out of plastics and papers. I could for instance fold and join papers of different colors and make a beautiful kite out of it. With time I gained interest in electricity and I could join a series of dry cells with copper wires and light a bulb. I also enjoyed making toy cars out of aluminum tins that I collected from my neighborhood. Back then, I did not realize that all I was doing was actually different elements of engineering. My craftiness continued to develop as I grew older. I could help my father fix his Toyota car, tightening screws and bolts in the house and repairing electric sockets. I was actually practicing engineering subconsciously through my intuitive acts. When I joined high school, science became my favorite subject and I scored higher grades in scientific course than any other. I took my assignments seriously and I could also help my classmates out with areas that I was knowledgeable in. These interactions helped develop my communication skills, which has become an integral part of my profession to date. I was always chosen to represent my school in interschool debates where I excelled on most occasions and managed to create a great image for my high school. My teachers could see a bright future for me in engineering. My Guidance and Counseling teacher for instance advised me to strive to be an engineer after reviewing my grade score sheet. After my high school, I volunteered to teach mathematics and Primary at a community school as I also prepared to sit for entrance exams at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology in Nigeria. In 2005, I was admitted in to the university’s Mechanical Engineering Department. Part of my undergraduate degree included coursed in Engineering Drawing; Tribology; fluid Mechanics; Strength of Materials and Dynamics; Thermodynamics; Automatic Controls; Mechanical Vibration and Principle of Engineering Design amongst others. As part of my undergraduate course, I engaged in two internships that gave me great opportunities to put my knowledge in practice. The first internship was at an Auto-Mechanical workshop while the other was in a Marine company. My final year research was on the erratic electric power supply in Ogbomoso and its effect on crop processing methods by the rural fa rmers in a community near my university campus. The challenge in this study was to come up with alternative methods and technologies that farmers could use to dry their crops. I identified biomass and solar energy as the best methods. I designed and fabricated a Solar – Biomass Integrated Dryer under the guidance of Engr. O.S Olaoye. After my undergraduate degree, I have continued to update myself with emerging trends in Engineering, especially with regard to emerging technology. I have read a lot about

Cultural discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural discussion - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the nurse must consider that Mrs. Nasser’s daughter already has high fever and needs immediate attention. She should accentuate to Mrs. Nasser that she cannot prescribe medicine without understanding the cause of her daughter’s symptoms. In addition, since her daughter is a minor, we cannot force Mrs. Nasser to authorize tests and procedures that she does not want for her daughter. The recommendations for the nurse are: 1) She should inform Mrs. Nasser that her daughter needs immediate clinical attention for her fever and discomfort and that she will try to get a Muslim female physician/gynecologist for her to appease her cultural reservations. If no Muslim female doctor is available, she will tell her that she will try to get a female doctor. If no female doctor is available, then they will find a male doctor and ensure that all examinations will be done with her mother present (Lo, 2009, p.335). The nurse can also remind Mrs. Nasser that ‘necessity overrides the prohibition,’ which is a rule of Islamic Sariah. 2) The nurse can suggest other kinds of examinations to rule out possible causes of diseases, such as physical examination, where if a male physician does it, he will do it with gloves on and in the presence of Mrs. Nasser. Other options are taking rectum samples and doing an ultrasound. 3) The nurse must be sincere and responsive to the cultural and religious beliefs of Mrs. Nasser. She must discuss these various laboratory testing options to her, so that she feels that she has the autonomy to make decisions for her daughter. This will build trust too, which is essential, noting that Mrs. Nasser is scared for her daughter, but wants to remain true to her cultural/religious beliefs. Reference Lo, B. (2009). Resolving ethical dilemmas: A guide for clinicians (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams, & Wilkins. Cuban Discussion Food is considered part of people’s culture, which is why it is not surprisin g that Mrs. Demetilla Hernandez wants to continue cooking traditional Cuban dishes to her family. Cuban food affirms her Cuban identity. Cubans strongly value family needs too, which is why Mrs. Hernandez prefers to cook traditional Cuban dishes, though they might not be good for her, after being diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. She might think that the happiness and satisfaction of her family is more important than her health. Furthermore, as a traditional Cuban woman, Mrs. Hernandez might have more faith in herbs than medicine. It is possible that she is used to drinking herbs to manage her former illnesses. In addition, there must be some language barriers too. She might not understand the lifestyle changes required to keep her blood sugar level close to normal. She needs to absorb the complications of unmanaged Type 2 Diabetes, such as heart and blood vessel disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), and foot damage, among others. Language barriers, cultural beliefs, and diet concerns m ust be addressed. The recommendations for the nurse are: 1) If she knows Spanish, she should speak in Spanish with Mrs. Hernandez and explain to her what Type 2 Diabetes is and what the possible complications are. If not, she should get a Spanish nurse to help her or refer her to a Spanish doctor who can help explain the lifestyle changes needed to manage her blood sugar l

Easter Offensive 1972 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Easter Offensive 1972 - Research Paper Example The size and ferocity the offensive unleashed to the waiting American and Vietnamese forces had been under estimated thus leading to them being overwhelmed by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The involvement of John Ripley in the Easter offensive which lasted over three hours is also reportedly the end of the North Vietnam Army push to conquer the south. The following paper is a description of the Easter offensive that occurred in Dong Ha when the NVA’s Push for the Southern Vietnamese nation. It also describes the involvement of John Ripley in combat while still exploring the under looked issues in the mission. The Easter Offensive Before the South Vietnamese Operation Lam Son which was to fail, discussions had been held by the Hanoi leadership on the Easter offensive. This was during the 19th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Lang Dong party in 1971. It is reported that by December that same year the Politburo had resolved to launch a mega attack on the southern region of Vietnam (George 75). This would be favored by the elections that were to take place in the United States the following year. In addition, the US marines in the area were being withdrawn from Vietnam. Consequently, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was increasingly being stretched over the South Vietnam border. It is also reported that the ARVN was increasing losing their ground on the border to an estimated 600 miles to the NRV. Moreover, the ARVN was offensive was a promising memory after the failure of the Laos mission. As described by George (24), ‘This decision marked the end of three years of political infighting between two factions within the Politburo: those members grouped around  Truong Chinh, who favored following the Chinese model of continued low-intensity  guerrilla warfare  and rebuilding the north; and the "southern firsters" centered around Defense Minister Vo Nguyen Giap and supported by First Party SecretaryLe Duan  (both of whom supporte d the  Soviet  model of big offensives)’ . The decision would be to use a combined mega guerilla attack on the security forces. This is also supported by Nalty (

Employment Rights Act Essay Example for Free

Employment Rights Act Essay 1. Know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work. 1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by law Here is a list of the aspects of employment covered by law; minimum wage, discrimination, health and safety, holiday entitlements, redundancy, dismissal, training, disciplinary procedures, union rights and consultation, maternity rights, protected disclosures, working time regulations, particulars of employments. Working hours and holiday entitlements, Sickness absence and sick pay, Anti – discrimination provisions, Data protection, Relevant equalities legislation. 1.2 List the main features of current employment legislation is : Health and Safety Act 1974 Equality Act 2010 Date Protection Act 1998 Employment Rights Act 1996 Part Time Workers Regulations Act 2000 Working Time Regulations Act 1998 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 1.3 Outline why legislation relating to employment exists. Legislation relating to employment exists to protect the rights of employers and employees by providing rules and regulations that must be followed. It prevents employers from abusing or taking advantage of employees. To prevent exploitation and To ensure safe working environment. 1.4 Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights. Sources and types of information that are available to employment responsibility and rights include: Employment contracts -copy, company policies, manager of team, Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, Jobcentre Plus, Citizens Advice Bureau, Department for Work and Pensions, Employment Appeals Tribunal Service, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, Access to Work (to help pay towards a support worker or the equipment you need at work) and Direct.gov website. Understand agreed ways of working that protect own relationship with employer.

The Acquisition Vs Learning Education Essay

The Acquisition Vs Learning Education Essay The innateness of language structure is most relevant to the process by which a child learns its first language. The first language is learnt informally, naturally and spontaneously without the child being aware of the fact that it is learning something. But there comes a stage when the child learns a new language which may be the second or third language. As second or third language learning happens through a formal process, exposure to an altogether different kind is required where the learning situation is artificial. It is generally said that people acquire the first language and learn the second language but experts in the field often use it interchangeably. People learn or acquire these languages in different circumstances with different results. The difference between first language and second language acquisition are presumably due to different conditions that either facilitates or constraint language acquisition/learning. In First Language Acquisition (FLA) abundant exposure is available but it is not so with the second language where natural circumstances are available. It is through instruction that second language is mostly learnt. Second Language acquisition appears to be a process which exhibits certain regularities, is constrained by a number of factors determining its course, rate of progress, and final outcome, is subject, within certain limits, to external influences such as (methods of ) instruction(Klein, 1988.1). Krashen attempts to distinguish between the first language acquisition and second language learning by saying, there are two independent ways to developing ability in second languages. Acquisition is a subconscious process identical in all important ways to the process children utilize in acquiring their first language, while learning is a conscious process that results in knowing about language (1985.1). Hence, Acquiring a language is picking it up i.e. developing ability in a language for use in natural, communicative situations. Language learning is knowing the rules, having a conscious knowledge of the grammar (Chaudhary, 2002, 96). A second language can be acquired rather than learnt in situations where children have exposure to a wide range of languages i.e. a multilingual situation is conducive to language acquisition. However, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is a wide range of learners from different environments and settings which affect the degree to which learners have the opportunity to acquire the second language. Moreover, cognitive processes of learning by rule formation helps learners to acquire language faster than by the natural processes of unconscious acquisition. Teacher Education in India The development of both, Pre-service and In-service teacher education in India is explained, in order to gain a good knowledge of the objectives of the programmes, the developments that have taken place in various teacher education programmes and the current state of affairs in the field of teacher education in India. Pre-service teacher education Teacher education programmes have existed in the country for over a century. In the 1850s, teacher training existed as an undifferentiated course of study meant for school teachers. Later, on the recommendations of the Indian Education Commission (1884), the teacher training programmes were mode more differentiated and for graduates the course was designed to be of shorter duration. During the twentieth century, greater differentiation was sought and practised with respect to the stages at which teachers were expected to teach. Alongside this, different training modes were introduced, such as regular campus-cum-practicing school experience, correspondence-cum-contact programmes and the more recent distance learning programmes of teacher education. Despite such diversification, the basic features of these programmes as well as the theoretical premises have not altered significantly. Although newer concerns surface from time to time have been taken cognizance of, for e.g. learner-centeredness and the break-with-methods. These concerns have not influenced in any major way the main stream system of teacher education (Stern, 1983). The professional preparation of teachers has been recognized to be crucial for the qualitative improvement of education since the 1960s (Kothari Commission, 1964-66). The Commission, in particular notes the need for teacher education to be: brought into the mainstream of the academic life of the Universities on the one hand and of school life and educational development on the other. Recognizing quality as the essence of a programme of teacher education, the Commission recommended the interdiction of integrated courses of general and professional education in Universities and a comprehensive programme of internship. Subsequently (1983-85), The Chattopadhyaya Committee Report of the National Commission on Teachers envisioned the New Teacher as one who communicates to pupils: the importance of and the feeling for national integrity and unity; the need for a scientific attitude; a commitment to excellence in standards of work and action and a concern for society. The Commission observed that: what obtains in the majority of our Teaching Colleges and Training Institutes is woefully inadequate If teacher education is to be made relevant to the roles and responsibilities of the New Teacher, the minimum length of training for a Secondary teacher should be five years following the completion of class 12. Reiterating the need to enable general and professional education to be pursued concurrently, the Commission recommends that: to begin with we may have an integrated four year programme which should be developed carefully it may also be possible for some of the existing colleges of Science and Arts to introduce an Education Department along with their other programmes allowing for a section of their students to opt for teacher education. The Chattopadhyaya Commission recommends a four-year integrated course for the secondary as well as the elementary teacher. (NCERT, 2005) The National Policy of Education (NPE 1986-92) recognized that: teachers should have the freedom to innovate, to device appropriate methods of communication and activities relevant to the needs of and capabilities of and the concerns of the community. The policy further states that teacher education is a continuous process, and its pre-service and in-service components are inseparable. As a first step, the system of teacher education was to be overhauled. The Acharya Ramamurti Committee (1990) in its review of the NPE 1986 observed that an internship model for teacher training should be adopted because the internship model is firmly based on the primary value of actual field experience in a realistic situation, on the development of teaching skills by practice over a period of time. The Yashpal Committee Report (1993) on Learning without burden noted: inadequate programmes of teacher preparation lead to unsatisfactory quality of learning in schools The content of the programme should be restructured to ensure its relevance to the changing needs of school education. The emphasis in these programmes should be on enabling the trainees to acquire the ability for self-learning and independent thinking. (NCERT, 2005) In-service Teacher Education Similar developments have taken place in respect of in-service programmes of teacher education. However, it may be noted that the in-service programmes have drawn their substance from the emerging needs and concerns of education appeared from time to time. As a result these programmes have, at at best, been awareness programmes in respect of specific concerns and not teacher development programmes, as visualized. As an outcome of the National Policy on Education (1986), orientation of school teachers gained momentum on a mass scale. Efforts have been initiated over the past few years to gradually develop a network of institutions like DIETS, IASEs, CTEs with the mandate of providing in-service education to primary and secondary school teachers respectively. During the last decade the use of satellite interactive television based activities have been provided for teacher up-gradation as part of the SOPT and DPEP projects. The majority of them however continue to perform their legacy functions (NCERT), 2005). The major indicator of quality of training is its relevance to the needs of teachers. The transactional approach and other concepts like activity based teaching, joyful learning, classroom management for large size classes and multi grade situations, team teaching, co-operative and collaborative learning which require demonstration and participatory training are also planned to included in in-service education programmes. The potential for radical shifts in school practices and programmes via effective in-service education programmes has been acknowledged by most Education Committees and Commissions. The Report of the National Commission on Teachers (1983-85) highlighted the absence of of clear-cut policies and priorities for in-service education and lack of systematic identification of needs. It recommended planning ahead of time and closure scrutiny of methodologies adopted for in-service education of teachers. It also recommended that strategies used for in-service education must be imaginative, bold and varied. It further states that the most effective among them are the services organized through the school complex put forward by the Kothari Commission intends to link primary and secondary schools with a view to pulling resources and including the educational processes. The commission mooted the idea of Teachers Centres that could function as: a meeting place for teachers located in a school that has resources that it would like to share with others it is a forum where workshops practical in nature are organized for teachers of all faculties and at all levels it pools in the talents of all teachers of various schools who act as resource personnel for centres workshops and it arranges book fairs. What teachers need most is a change in the climate of schools, an atmosphere conducive to educational research and enquiry (select) teachers could be given study leave and sent to advanced centres of learning for furthering their professional competence through visiting fellowships. The landmark National Policy on Education (1986) linked in-service teacher education as a continuum with pre-service education. A Centrally Sponsored Scheme of restructuring and strengthening of teacher education was evolved and implemented. The scheme visualized the establishment of DIETs in each district, up-gradation of 250 Colleges of Education as Colleges of Teacher Education, establishment of 50 institutes of Advanced Studies in Education (IASEs) and strengthening of State Councils of Educational Research and Training (NCERT, 2005). In all these reports, common ideas expressed are: the need to restructure the teacher education programmes to the changing needs of education, and to make these programmes more as awareness- raising programmes. Also, these programmes needed to be demonstrative and participatory in nature, with varied strategies to explore methodologies. With all these developments in teacher education, it is interesting and important to see the outcome of these changes from the perspectives of teachers, teacher educators and researchers. REFERENCES Stern, H. H. (1983). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) (2005). Fifth Survey of Educational Research (1988-1992). Vol. I and II. New Delhi: NCERT. NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) (2005). National Curriculum Framework. New Delhi: NCERT. II CHAPTER In order to organize and interpret the descriptive data, the following three related areas in the literature were reviewed. These are: (a) Theories of language teaching and learning, (b) The methods of language teaching and language skills and (c) In-service teacher education. This chapter puts together the summary of the review findings from these three major areas. Researchers acknowledge the complexity involved in teaching and in learning to teach effectively (Ballentyne, Bain and Packer, 1999; Calderhead, 1996; Clark and Peterson, 1986). At the primary and secondary levels, the difficult and complicated process of learning to teach has been well studied (Ethell, 1997; Wideen, Mayer-Smith, and Moon, 1998). Emerging from these researches is the understanding of the central role that teachers views and theories play in teaching practice (Pajares, 1992; Richardson, 1996; and Trumbull, 1990). The field of language teaching is subject to rapid changes. This is because the profession responds to new educational paradigms and trends, changes in curriculum, and students needs. Educational institutions also face new challenges resulting from changes in language teaching. As a result, teachers need regular opportunities to update their professional knowledge and skills. This update is necessary for teachers to take appropriate decisions in the classroom. Decision taking depends on teachers understanding and assumptions about language teaching. The dominant conception of teacher learning and development as development of skills of performance which is largely unreflective has led to a formal procedure of following instructions from authority. The result is that teachers are growing more alienated for a lack of personal significance in the teaching and learning processes. So, the search for an alternative model of development is motivated by dissatisfaction with the existing one and possibility of an alternative view as holding more potential to address issues of concern to this study. This could be in form of providing opportunities to teachers voice their views about teaching/learning English as a second language. It could also be reflecting on their practices, thus finding out their own insights in more concrete terms and, through INSET programmes, rethinking of their teaching practices for better understanding of teaching and learning processes. In the reconstituted view of teacher change, teachers are seen as playing an active, developmental and constructivist role that is based on both understanding and skills. This alternative view of teachers receives support in the literature where, for instance, teachers have been seen as authors of reform (Krishner, 2002.47), as researchers and curriculum developers (Stenhouse, 1975), and as progressing towards self-authorship (Baxtor Magolda, 2001, 2002, 2003, 200; and King, 2004). The responsibility this entails in making informed choices as a teacher is a moral and intellectual meaning making process involving the teacher in self-reflection. Beyond acquiring behaviour, it centres more fundamentally on the views of teachers about the nature of knowledge, nature of teaching and learning, and, their role in making explicit their implicit theories of teaching/learning, among other things. In this chapter, the theories of teaching and learning, methods of teaching language skills will b e discussed in detail. It will also discuss the INSET programmes offered in India and, look at some studies in these areas in order to arrive at a methodological framework of the present study. Theories of Teaching Teachers teach within the context of framework of assumptions that shape their planning and interactive decisions. Theories of teaching are central to how one understands the nature and importance of classroom practices. As Posner (1985) observes, different theories of teaching lead to a different understanding of classroom life. A didactic view of teaching is based on the belief that teaching is primarily concerned with transmitting knowledge through providing clear explanations, or discussions. A discovery view of teaching by contrast, is based on the idea that students can develop knowledge themselves through active investigation and discovery, with a minimum of teacher explanation and with a provision of opportunities to learn inductively from observation. An interactionist view, on the other hand, holds that students come with well-formed ideas, so that there is a necessary interaction between the students own ideas and the learning materials. While general teaching theories such as these have informed approaches to mainstream teaching, such as behaviourist, cognitive-developmental, social-psychological, theories specific to second language teaching and learning have been developed and formed the basis for specific methodologies for language teaching such as the Communicative Approach and Natural Approach. However, teaching is an individual activity. As such, teacher development involves teachers in creating an approach that draws on their experiences and understanding as well as their personal principles about food teaching. These are known as the teachers implicit theories of teaching. the explanations given by teachers for what they do are typically not derived from what they were taught in teacher education programmesRather, the classroom actions of teachers are guided by internal frames of reference which are deeply rooted in personal experiences, especially in school ones, and are based on interpretations of these experiences. (Marland, 1995. 131) Theories of Learning There are numerous approaches and theories which have a huge impact on learning. Generally, approaches provide information about how people acquire their knowledge of the language and about the conditions which will promote successful language learning. Five major approaches to language teaching/learning will be discussed below. The Naturalistic Approach This approach is based on the assumption that language acquisition is innately determined and that one is born with a certain system of language that one can call on later. Numerous linguists and methodologists support this innateness hypothesis. Chomsky, who is the leading proponent, claims that each human being possesses a set of innate properties of language which is responsible for the childs mastery of a native language in a short span of time (Brown, 2002. 24). According to Chomsky, the mechanism, which he calls language acquisition device (LAD), governs all human languages, and determines what possible form human language may take (Dulay, Burt, Krashen, 1982. 6). Some linguists, in particular Stephen Krashen, distinguish between acquisition and learning. Acquisition is supposed to be a subconscious process which leads to fluency. Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process which shows itself in terms of learning rules and structures. Furthermore, Krashen claims that there are three internal processors that operate when students learn or acquire a second language: the subconscious filter and the organizer as well as the conscious monitor (Dulay, Burt, Krashen 1982. 11-45). The organizer determines the organization of the learners language system, the usage of incorrect grammatical constructions as provisional precursors of grammatical structures, the systamatical occurrence of errors in the learners utterances as well as a common order in which structures are learnt. The filter is responsible for the extent to which the learners acquisition is influenced by social circumstances such as motivation and affective factors such as anger or anxiety. The monitor is responsible for conscious learning. The learners correct mistakes in their speech according to their age and self-consciousness (Dulay, Burt, Krashen 1982.45). Cognitive Approach Cognitive psychologists claim that one of the main factors of second language acquisition is the building up of a knowledge system that can eventually be called on automatically for speaking and understanding. At first, learners have to build up a general knowledge of the language they want to understand and produce. After a lot of practice and experience they will be able to use certain parts of their knowledge very quickly and without realizing that they did so. Gradually, this use becomes unconscious and the learners may focus on other parts of the language. The cognitive theory is relative newcomer to second language acquisition and there have been only a few empirical studies about this approach so far. Although it is known that the processes of automatizing and restructuring are central to the approach, it is still not clear what kinds of structures will be automatized through practice and what will be restructured. Also it cannot predict which first language structures will be transferred and which will not. As far as the phenomenon of restructuring is concerned, psychologists state that things that one knows and uses automatically may not necessarily learned through a gradual build-up of automaticity but they may be based on the interaction on knowledge one already has. They may also be based on the acquisition of new language which somehow fits into an existing system and may, in fact, restructure this system (Lightbown and Spada, 1995. 25). Two important models in this approach are Attention processing model and Implicit and Expli cit models. The Constructive Approach In the constructive paradigm, learning emphasizes the process ans the product. Learning is process of constructing meaningful representations, of making sense of ones experiential world. In this process, students errors are seen in a positive light and as means of gaining insight into how they are organizing their experiential world. The notion of doing something right or correctly is to do something that fits with an order one has established oneself (Von Glasersfield, 1987. 15). This perspective is consistent with the constructivist tendency to support multiple truths, representations, perspectives and realities. Multiplicity is an overriding concept for constructivism. It defines not only the epistemological and theoretical perspective but also the many ways in which the theory itself can be articulated. Researchers and theorists have developed variants of constructivism or have evolved the theory in different directions. Nonetheless, there are many common themes in the literature on constructivism which permit the derivation of principles, instructional models and general characteristics. Social Interaction Approach According to Vygotsky, social interaction plays a vital role in the learning process. He emphasizes the role of shared language in the development of thought and language which stands for social interaction. According to Vygotsky (1962) children develop higher order cognitive functions such as linguistic skills, through interactions with adults or more knowledgeable peers. Eventually these skills are internalized independently. The most important interactions take place within a childs Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). It is the teachers duty to try to take each child to the next level (X+1). The teacher does this by giving maximum help to the children. Perhaps he/she can give learners just the prompt they need. This prompt provides for the learners a breakthrough he/she needs. Sometimes the teacher can take the whole class through a series of steps, which help them solve the problem. Learning depends on the differences in their areas of zones of proximal development. Children are to be exposed to the social interaction first and it will eventually enable them build their inner resources. Vygotskys contention is that language is the key to all development and words play a central role on the development of thought but in the growth of cognition as a whole. Therefore, child language acquisition is the result of social interaction. Teaching is social responsibility and a cognitive activity. The Communicative Approach Proponents of this approach state that the goal of language teaching is communicative competence. Another aim is the development of procedures for the teaching of the four language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing). Moreover, the four skills build the basis of the independence of language and communication (Richards and Rodgers, 1986. 64-66). According to Littlewood, one of the most important aspects of Communicative Language Teaching is that it plays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language (Littlewood, 1981.1). Another important aspect is pair and group work. Learners should work in pairs or groups and try to solve problematic tasks with their available language knowledge. Generally, communicative language teaching focuses on communicative and contextual factors in language use and it is learner-centred and experience-based. A central aspect of Communicative Language Teaching is communicative competence. (See also ) Also there is little discussion of learning theory, there are still some elements that, according to Richards and Rodgers (1986), can be defined as communication principles and meaningfulness principles. The first one includes activities that involve real communication which are supposed to promote learning. The second element describes activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful tasks which are also supposed to promote learning. The last one states that language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process. Of great importance is meaningful and authentic language use (Richards and Rodgers, 1986. 72). In-service Teacher Education (INSET) Teachers can continue to be learners and develop their pedagogical understandings using their beliefs, by engaging themselves in ongoing professional development opportunities. One of these opportunities is the In-service teacher education programmes where teachers can learn to reflect on other teachers teaching and, think meta cognitively about teaching and learning which is a key factor in being able to resolve problems and dilemmas that arise in their daily teaching practices. There are fundamental assumptions underlying teacher education (Fullen, 1991): Teacher education must be thought of as a career long proposition. Teacher development and the academic development of the school in terms of curriculum, materials, and methods of teaching must go hand in hand. We cannot have one without the other. The role of teacher education programmes in preparing teachers for the difficult endeavour of teaching a second language (English) in India, and particularly the role of in-service teacher education programmes and their impact of teachers classroom teaching would be examined, keeping the above said assumptions in the forefront. In-service Teacher Education (INSET) in India The need for ongoing teacher education has been a recurring theme in language teaching circles in recent years and has been given renewed focus as a result of the emergence of teacher-led initiatives such as action research, team teaching and reflective teaching. Opportunities for an in-service education are crucial for long term development of teachers. The well established tradition of teaching and learning in India has retained its inherent strength even under adverse circumstances. The post-independence period was characterized by major efforts being made to nurture and transform teacher education. The system of teacher education has come under considerable pressure as a result of expansion and growth of school education. Having inherited the foreign model of teacher education at the time of independence from Britain in 1946, major efforts have been made to adapt and upgrade teacher education curriculum to local needs, to make it more context-based. The current system of teacher education is supported by a net work of national state and district level resource institutions working together to increase the quality and effectiveness of teacher education programmes for serving teachers throughout the country. The changing role of teachers in the changing definitions of teacher effectiveness have been frequently studied and analysed. The current focus on teacher education is to develop professional competencies, and achieve higher levels of commitment and motivation for higher level performance in teaching. Emerging information and communication technologies is an added dimension to the teacher education programmes. As a result of all these developments, teacher education in India is on the verge of major transformation. Bolam 1986) define teacher education as: Education and training activities engaged in by teachers following their initial professional certification, and intended primarily or exclusively to improve their professional knowledge, skills and attitudes in order that they can educate childrenmore effectively. In-service training for teachers in India is provided by: The State Department of Education. Colleges of Education. Educational associations. Voluntary Agencies. In-service programmes are often conducted via short term instructional courses and workshops. Many teachers take part in these programmes which contain a mix of many-courses and expository lectures. Each state has a State Council of Education Research and Training (SCERT) and whenever a new curriculum is implemented, massive training programmes are arranged across the state. At the district level, District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETS) undertake education programmes to train the teachers at district level. In the absence of DIETS, the Colleges of Teacher Education (CTEs or IASEs) are entrusted with the responsibilities of training the teachers. The INSET programmes currently in practice can all be put under five different categories based on the aims of the programmes. The following table familiarizes with some types of INSET programmes currently offered in India. Types of INSET programmes in India INSERT PROGRAMME AIMS Organized by educational Institutions such as CIEFL or RIE Enriching teachers subject knowledge and pedagogy Centrally designed programmes such as KV schools Teaching approaches such as orienting all teachers towards CLT approaches Locally determined programmes. For e.g. ALC School courses Attending to the felt needs of schools One-off short programmes Specific aims such as teaching vocabulary, or developing materials Programmes determined by individual needs Pursuing higher education or self-development Table 2:1: Types of INSET programmes in India (Source: Mathew, R.2005) These programmes differ mainly in their aims of the programmes and thereby differ in their training methodologies also. The takers of the programme also vary in each of these INSET programmes. As a result, the impact of these courses also differ. For example, many teachers who are willing to attend the three month INSET courses offered by the Regional Institute of South India (RIESI) are serious about updating themselves with the latest developments in the field of ELT and re-equipping themselves to meet the changing demands made by the students, parents and the society. Another example of an INSET course was the 5-Day intensive training programme for teachers working in rural areas which used to be offered by the RIE (i